Here's what I've read, although I haven't tested (not sure how you would):
If it's very clear and there is very little wind, it's possible for certain surfaces to actually be lower than the ambient air temperature, due to radiation.
So for example you can have frost on the ground even if it's not quite 32 degrees. Probably needs to be 33 or 34.
If it's 35 degrees the chances are very slim. And certainly the lamps should compensate for any heat loss due to radiation. If it's 31 and windy, the lamps would probably be futile.
Also, even freezing temperature shouldn't hurt buds that haven't yet opened. Although you can kiss any figlets or leaves goodbye if it does freeze.
Good luck.