Figfinatic, it usually takes about five weeks, but it varies and I don't know why. The two side-by-side Black Missions were started on the same day around mid-August; one is packed with roots and the other has almost none (neither has been cut loose yet, but the one with all the roots is more than 5 feet tall from the top of the jug, and needs to be removed soon). The LSU Purple was started at the same time (a week after I cut yours loose) and it literally had roots coming out of the soil and into the damp tee-shirt I used to shade the jug. I think big, vigorous branches tend to root fastest, but not always.
With all that foliage, it will have a hard time sucking up enough water to keep from wilting. If it loses some leaves, that's fine--I may even snip a few if it looks necessary. For a week or two after I first cut them loose, I stand the jug in a pan of water, about two inches deep, so there's a constant supply of moisture to the roots.
figsrus, I don't know whether pruning in the fall is okay. It probably depends on your climate, how much you prune, and the health of the tree.