Hi James,
IMO, on your malta black, it is a deer attack . Because the cuts are so straight and large .
Rabbits would mess up the dirt for digging a hole and they make pooh around . Did you observe such things ?
I had a beast mess up dirt in two pots ... those were house sparrows bathing in the dirt of the pots.
It could as well be some rodents (rats...) - although those beats would attack at the base of the tree and not from the upper side.
So for me, because of the attack coming from the upper side, you're looking for deers .
Buy some "harissa / hot chilly pepper sauce" and dispose some around. You could make side holes in a small plastic bottle
, put some harissa inside them and dispose some around the trees . Those beasts don't like spicy/chilly smells as they are always sniffing around nose in the wind
to protect themselves from predators and chilly smells would disturb them.
I just caught a mole on Saturday ! Keep on fighting !
And always remember : 1 alive today, 10 more in 6 months ...
On your "smith" as I don't know the missing length, it could perhaps be a bud rot. I had that on two stems ... With just no reason at all.
On a young "Dalmatie" one bud got attacked underneath by a biting insect - stem half removed or pinched on the last segment - so the bud broke and fell off .